All people are loved by God. All struggle with moral failure and fall short of God’s standards; and therefore need the forgiveness that God provides through Christ alone. Homosexuality* is but one of these struggles. While recognizing the need to reach out in love to those struggling with same sex attraction, CMDA opposes the practice of homosexual acts on biblical, medical, and social grounds.

Biblical

• The Scriptures prescribe and promise God’s blessing on life-long heterosexual union in marriage, and chastity in all other circumstances. They are uniform throughout in forbidding the practice of homosexuality.
• Same-sex attraction cannot be consummated within God’s design for human sexuality. It is possible by God’s grace for those with same sex attraction to live a chaste life. Choosing to indulge in homosexual acts in thought or deed is sinful. The Scriptures, however, affirm the value of non-erotic same-sex friendships.
• Any lifestyle obsessed with and/or dominated by personal sexual fulfillment, whether heterosexual or homosexual, is contrary to God’s law.
• Homosexual acts deny the God-designed complementary nature of the sexes and do not have the potential to be procreative.

Medical

• The causes of same-sex attraction appear to be multi-factorial and may include developmental, psychosocial, environmental and biological factors. There is no credible evidence at this time that same-sex attraction is genetically determined.
• Acting on homosexual attraction is voluntary. Claims of genetic or environmental determinism do not relieve individuals of moral responsibility for their sexual behavior.
• Homosexual behavior can be changed. There is valid evidence that many individuals who desired to abstain from homosexual acts have been able to do so.
• Some homosexual acts are physically harmful because they disregard normal human anatomy and function. These acts are associated with increased risks of tissue injury, organ malfunction, and infectious diseases. These and other factors result in a significantly shortened life expectancy.
• Among those involved in homosexual acts, there is an increased incidence of drug and/or alcohol dependence, compulsive sexual behavior, anxiety, depression, and suicide.

Social

• Homosexual relationships are typically brief in duration. Homosexual behavior is destructive to the structures necessary for healthy marriages, families and society. Men who commit homosexual acts have a high incidence of promiscuity, child molestation, and sexually transmitted infections. Homosexual behaviors burden society with increased medical costs, increased disability, and loss of productivity.
• Homosexual behavior can be self-propagating. Some homosexual groups and individuals engage in active recruitment. A child who is sexually molested has an increased likelihood of later engaging in homosexual acts. There is also an increased incidence of homosexual activity among children raised by same sex couples. Adoption into such environments puts children at risk.
• Legalizing or blessing same sex marriage or civil unions is harmful to the stability of society, the raising of children and the institution of marriage. If the only criterion for marriage were mutual consent or commitment, there are no grounds to prohibit polygamy, polyandry or incestuous unions.

Conclusion

• The Christian community must respond to the complex issues surrounding homosexuality with grace, civility, and love.
• Christian doctors in particular must care for their patients involved in homosexual behavior in a non-discriminating and compassionate manner, consistent with biblical principles.
• Anyone struggling with homosexual temptation should evoke neither scorn nor enmity, but evoke our concern, compassion, help, and understanding.
• The Christian community must condemn hatred and violence directed against those involved in the homosexual behavior.
• The Christian community must help society understand that homosexuality has grave spiritual, emotional, physical and cultural consequences. Christians should oppose legislative attempts to grant special rights based on sexual behavior or to equate homosexual relationships with heterosexual marriages.
• The Christian community and especially the family must resist stereotyping and rejecting individuals who do not fit the popular norms of masculinity and femininity. Also, it is important for parents to guide their children in appropriate gender identity development. For children who are experiencing gender identity confusion, we must provide appropriate role models, and therapy if needed.
• The Christian community must encourage and strongly support all those who wish to abandon homosexual behavior.
• The Christian community should oppose the legalization of same sex marriage and/or blessing and adoption into homosexual environments.
• God provides the remedy for all moral failure through faith in Jesus Christ and the life changing power of the Holy Spirit.

*”Homosexuality” refers to male-male and female-female relationships.

Bibliography and Endnotes

CMDA Statement on Homosexuality

Biblical References

God’s Plan for Sexual Relationship

The LORD God said, "It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him." Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the beasts of the field and all the birds of the air. He brought them to the man to see what he would name them; and whatever the man called each living creature, that was its name. So the man gave names to all the livestock, the birds of the air and all the beasts of the field. But for Adam no suitable helper was found. So the LORD God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man's ribs and closed up the place with flesh. Then the LORD God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man.

The man said, "This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called `woman,' for she was taken out of man."

For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh.

Genesis 2:18-24 (NIV)

Condemnation of Homosexual Behavior

• Do not lie with a man as one lies with a woman; that is detestable. Leviticus 18:22 (NIV)
• If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. Leviticus 20:13 (NIV)
• Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts. Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones. In the same way the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another. Men committed indecent acts with other men, and received in themselves the due penalty for their perversion. Romans 1:26&27 (NIV)

Incidences of Homosexual Acts or Attempted Acts Condemned

• Genesis 19 – involving men of Sodom
• Judges 19 – involving men of Gibeah
• Ezekiel 16 – involving men of Israel

Jude v. 7 – reference to the perversions of Sodom and Gomorrah Judgment for Homosexual

• Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. 1 Corinthians 6:9&10 (NIV)

[This last passage suggests that it is the practice of these sins that brings God’s condemnation, not the associated temptations.]

Recovery

• And that is what some of you were. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of Our God. 1 Corinthians 6:11 (NIV)

Temptation, Sin and Forgiveness

• No temptation has seized you except what is common to man. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can stand up under it. 1 Corinthians 10:13 (NIV)
• for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. Romans 3:23 (NIV)
• If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. 1 John 1:9 (NIV)

Genetics & Childhood Molestation

(1995) Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: What Offenders Tell Us. Child Abuse and Neglect. 19: 582.

• 59% of male child sex offenders had been “victim of contact sexual abuse as a child.”

Byne, W., (1994). The Biological Evidence Challenged. Scientific American, 54

• "The incidence of homosexuality in the adopted brothers of homosexuals (11%) was much higher than recent estimates for the rate of homosexuality in the population (1 to 5%).”
• "Indeed, perhaps the major finding of these heritability studies is that despite having all of their genes in common and having prenatal and postnatal environments as close to identical as possible, approximately half of the identical twins were nonetheless discordant for orientation. This finding underscores just how little is known about the origins of sexual orientation."

Byne, W., Parsons, B. (1993, March). Human Sexual Orientation: The Biologic Theories Reappraised. Archives of General Psychiatry. 50: 228-39 (228).

• “It is imperative that clinicians and behavioral scientists begin to appreciate the complexities of sexual orientation and resist the urge to search for simplistic explanations, either psychosocial or biologic.”
• “Critical review shows the evidence favoring a biologic theory to be lacking.”
• "Although identical twins have the same genetic code, non-identical twins and regular siblings share the same proportion of genetic material. Therefore, the genetic theories should show a similar amount of homosexual concordance between non-identical twins and regular siblings."
• "First, they point out the fact that the study rests on the assumption that the relevant environment is the same for identical twins and non-identical twins. Then, the effects of potential bias in the sample is called into question, as Bailey and Pillard recruited their homosexual research subjects by advertising in various homosexually-oriented publications."
• "Third, there was no way to separate the intermingling of environmental and genetic effects, since all sets of twins in the study had been raised together and presumably subject to most, if not all, of the same environmental effects."
• "The most interesting question, however, is that if there is something in the genetic code that makes a person homosexual, why did not all of the identical twins become homosexual, since they have the exact same genetic code?"
• "While all behavior must have an ultimate biologic substrate, the appeal of current biologic explanations for sexual orientation may derive more from a dissatisfaction with the current status of psychosocial explanations than from a substantiating body of experimental data. Critical review shows the evidence favoring a biologic theory to be lacking. In an alternative model, temperamental and personality traits interact with the familial and social milieus and the individual's sexuality emerges."

Chapman, B., Brannock, J. (1987) Proposed model of lesbian identity development. An empirical examination. Journal of Homosexuality. 14:69-80.

• 63% of lesbians surveyed stated that they had chosen to be lesbians, 28% felt they had no choice, and 11% did not know why they were lesbians.

Elliott, D.M., Brier, J. (1992, February). The Sexually Abused Boy: Problems in Manhood. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. 26 (2): 68-71.

• Boys who were sexually molested have subsequently “a higher incidence of homosexuality.”

Friedman, Richard, Downey, Jennifer. (1993) Neurobiology and Sexual Orientation: Current Relationships, 5. J. Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 131, 139.

• "Some typical childhood factors related to homosexuality are: feeling of being different from other children; parent, sibling, peer relationships; perception of father as being distant, uninvolved, unapproving; perception of parental perfection required; perception of mother as being too close, too involved; premature introduction to sexuality (such as child abuse or incest); gender confusion; defensive detachment, reparative drive, same-sex ambivalence; unmet affection needs; diminished/distorted masculinity, femininity."
• "…homosexual men are more likely to become sexually active at much younger ages than heterosexual men. The average age of homosexual males at their first sexual encounter was 12.7, versus 15.7 for heterosexual males."
• "This evidence may suggest that abuse and early sexual experiences can contribute to homosexuality, perhaps because of familiarity with sexual acts, and in some cases because of an initial sexual experience with someone of the same gender."

Golwyn, D., Sevlie, C. (1993) Adventitious change in homosexual behavior during treatment of social phobia with phenelzine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 54, 1:39-40.

• “We conclude that social phobia may be a hidden contributing factor in some instances of homosexual behavior.” (p. 40)

Harry, J. (1989) Parental physical abuse and sexual orientation in males. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 18, 3:251-261.

• “These data suggest that some history of childhood femininity is almost always a precursor of adolescent homosexual behavior.” (p. 259)

Herrell, R., et al. (1999, October). Sexual Orientation and Suicidality: a Co-Twin Control Study in Adult Men. Archives of General Psychiatry. 56 (10): 867-874.

• This study of male twins who were Vietnam veterans found that male homosexuals were 5.1 times more likely to experience suicidal thoughts and behaviors than were their heterosexual twins.

Hockenberry, S., Billingham, R. (1987) Sexual orientation and boyhood gender conformity: Development of the boyhood gender conformity scales (BGCS) Archives of Sexual Behavior. 16, 6:475-492.

• “…the absence of masculine behaviors and traits appeared to be a more powerful predictor of later homosexual orientation than the traditionally feminine or cross-sexed traits and behaviors.” (p. 475)

Horgan, J., (1995) Gay genes, revisited: Doubts arise over research on the biology of homosexuality. Scientific American. Nov.: 28.

Hubbard, Ruth, Wald, Elijah (1993). Exploring the Gene Myth 6.

• "The myth of the all-powerful gene is based on flawed science that discounts the environmental context in which we and our genes exist."
• "A gene does not determine a phenotype [noticeable trait] by acting alone; a gene cannot act by itself…Each gene simply specifies one of the proteins involved in the process."

Jefferson, D.J., (1993, August 12). Studying the Biology of Sexual Orientation Has Political Fallout. Wall Street Journal. 1A.

Lisak, D., Luster, L. Educational, occupational, and relationship histories of men who were sexually and/or physically abused as children. J Trauma Stress. 1994 Oct; 7(4): 507-23.

• Nearly one in four young men report sexual abuse as a child resulting in significant life difficulties (as compared to non-abused males).

McGuire, T., (1995) Is homosexuality genetic? A critical review and some suggestions. Journal of Homosexuality. 28, 1/2: 115-145.

• “Even if we knew absolutely everything about genes and absolutely everything about environment, we still could not predict the final phenotype of any individual.” (p. 142)

Nimmons, David. (March 1994). Sex and the Brain, Discover, 64-71.

• "It is important to stress what I didn't find. I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn't show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brain. INAH 3 is less likely to be the sole gay nucleus of the brain than a part of a chain of nuclei engaged in men and women's sexual behavior…. Since I looked at adult brains, we don't know if the differences I found were there at birth, or if they appeared later."

Pollak, M. Male Homosexuality in Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present Times, ed. P. Aries and A. Bejin, 40-61, cited by Joseph Nicolosi in Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc., 1991), 124-125.

Tomeo, M.E., et al. (2001, October). Comparative data of childhood and adolescence molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 30 (5): 535-541.

• 942 nonclinical adult participants, gay men and lesbian women reported a significantly higher rate of childhood molestation that did heterosexual men and women. Forty-six percent of the homosexual men in contrast to 7% of the heterosexual men reported homosexual molestation. Twenty-two percent of lesbian women in contrast to 1% of heterosexual women reported homosexual molestation.

Whitehead, Neil, Whitehead, Brian. (1999) My Genes Made Me Do It! A Scientific Look at Sexual Orientation, 158-159.

• "Neil Whitehead tabulated other twin studies on other topics and those traits' heritability: lying--43%, anorexia nervosa--44%, fear of the unknown--46%, psychological inpatient care--47%, extroversion--50%, depression--50%, altruism--50%, divorce--52%, racial prejudice, bigotry--70%.
• "(Dean) Hamer's genetic sequences have been calculated to affect about 5% of the homosexual population, so even if he is correct, there must be some other explanation for what causes the vast majority of homosexuality."
• "If a hormonal imbalance was responsible for homosexuality, then perhaps a simple dose of hormones to an adult would cure homosexuality. This is not the case, as has been demonstrated several times."

Wolf, C. Homosexuality and American Public Life, Spence Publishing Co., Dallas, 1999, p. 70-71.

• Homosexually-assaulted males identified themselves as subsequently becoming practicing homosexuals almost 7 times as often as bisexuals and almost 6 times as often as the non-assaulted control group. 58% of adolescents reporting sexual abuse by a man prior to puberty revealed either homosexual or bisexual orientation (control group 90% heterosexual). Age of molestation was 4-14 years. “Nearly half of men who have reported a childhood experience with an older man were currently involved in homosexual activity.” A disproportionately high number of male homosexuals were incestuously molested by a homosexual parent. Conclusion was that the experience led the boy to perceive himself as homosexual based on his having been found sexually attractive by an older man.

Social Factors

Bem, Daryl J. (1986) Exotic Becomes Erotic: A Developmental Theory of Sexual Orientation, 103 Psychol. Rev. 320.

• Daryl Bem's "Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory states that "what is exotic to children becomes erotic to them as adolescents." For example, "boys who play with girls mostly instead of other boys, and who tend to like the way girls play, become familiar and comfortable with femininity. Male behavior and males become exotic, and thus erotic later in life."

Burtoft, L. (1994). Behind the Headlines: Setting the Record Straight – What Research Really Says About the Social Consequences of Homosexuality. Colorado Springs, CO: Focus on the Family.

Fisher, S., Greenberg, R. (1996) Freud Scientifically Reappraisal. NY: Wiley & Sons.

• “Fisher analyzed the 58 studies and reported that a large majority supported the notion that homosexual sons perceive their fathers as negative, distant, unfriendly figures.” “There is not a single even moderately well controlled study that we have been able to locate in which male homosexuals refer to father positively or affectionately.” (p. 136)

Fitzgibbons, R., (1999) The origins and therapy of same-sex attraction disorder. (in Wolfe, C. Homosexuality and American Public Life. Spence) 85-97.

• “the second most common cause of SSAD [same sex attraction disorder] among males is mistrust of women’s love… Male children in fatherless homes often feel overly responsible for their mothers. As they enter their adolescence, they may come to view female love as draining and exhausting.” (p. 89)
• “Experience has taught me that healing is a difficult process, but through the mutual efforts of the therapist and the patient, serious emotional wounds can be healed over a period of time.” (p. 96)

Friedman, Richard, Downey, Jennifer. (1993) Neurobiology and Sexual Orientation: Current Relationships, 5. J. Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 131, 139.

• "Some typical childhood factors related to homosexuality are: feeling of being different from other children; parent, sibling, peer relationships; perception of father as being distant, uninvolved, unapproving; perception of parental perfection required; perception of mother as being too close, too involved; premature introduction to sexuality (such as child abuse or incest); gender confusion; defensive detachment, reparative drive, same-sex ambivalence; unmet affection needs; diminished/distorted masculinity, femininity."
• "…homosexual men are more likely to become sexually active at much younger ages than heterosexual men. The average age of homosexual males at their first sexual encounter was 12.7, versus 15.7 for heterosexual males."
• "This evidence may suggest that abuse and early sexual experiences can contribute to homosexuality, perhaps because of familiarity with sexual acts, and in some cases because of an initial sexual experience with someone of the same gender."

Newman, L. (1976) Treatment for the parents of feminine boys. American Journal of Psychiatry. 133, 6: 683-687.

• “Experiences of being ostracized and ridiculed may play a more important role than has been recognized in the total abandonment of the male role at a later time.” (p. 687)
• “Feminine boys, unlike men with postpubertal gender identity disorders seem remarkably responsive to treatment.” (p. 684)

Nicolosi, J. Byrd, A., Potts, R. (1998) Towards the Ethical and Effective Treatment of Homosexuality. Encino CA: NARTH.

• Nicolosi surveyed 850 individuals and 200 therapists and counselors – specifically seeking out individuals who claim to have made a degree of change in sexual orientation. Before counseling or therapy, 68% of respondents perceived themselves as exclusively or almost entirely homosexual, with another 22% stating they were more homosexual than heterosexual. After treatment only 13% perceived themselves as exclusively or almost entire homosexuality, while 33% described themselves as either exclusively or almost entirely heterosexual, 99% of respondents said they now believe treatment to change homosexuality can be effective and valuable.

Phillips, G., Over, R. (1992) Adult sexual orientation in relation to memories of childhood gender conforming and gender nonconforming behaviors. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 21, 6: 543-558.

• “The 16-item discriminate-function … yielded correct classification of 94.4% of heterosexual men and 91.8% of the homosexual men. These results indicate that heterosexual and homosexual men can be classified with equivalent accuracy on the basis of recalling having had or not having had gender conforming (masculine) experiences in childhood.” (p. 550)

Stephan, W., (1973) Parental relationships and early social experiences of activist male homosexuals and male heterosexuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 82, 3: 506-513.

• “…homosexuals reported experiencing their first orgasm at a younger age than the heterosexuals.” 24% of homosexuals' first orgasms occurred during homosexual contacts versus 2% of heterosexuals. (p.511)

Zucker, K., Bradley, S. (1995) Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents. NY: Guilford.

• “…we feel that parental tolerance of cross-gender behavior at the time of its emergence is instrumental in allowing the behavior to develop…” (p. 259)
• “…In general we concur with those (e.g. Green 1972; Newman 1976; Stoller, 1978) who believe that the earlier treatment begins, the better.” (p. 281) “It has been our experience that a sizable number of children and their families can achieve a great deal of change. In these cases, the gender identity disorder resolves fully, and nothing in the children’s behavior or fantasy suggests that gender identity issues remain problematic… All things considered, however, we take the position that in such cases clinicians should be optimistic, not nihilistic, about the possibility of helping the children to become more secure in their gender identity.” (p. 282)

Changing Sexual Orientation or Behavior

(May 9, 2001). Press Release, National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality, Prominent Psychiatrist Announces New Study Results: "Some Gays can Change." Available at http://www.narth.com/docs/spitzerrelease.html (last updated May 8, 2001.)

• "Like most psychiatrists," says Dr. Robert L. Spitzer, "I thought that homosexual behavior could be resisted, but sexual orientation could not be changed. I now believe that's untrue--some people can and do change."

Acosta, F., (1975) Etiology and treatment of homosexuality: review. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 4:9-29.

• “…better prospects for intervention in homosexual life and in its prevention through the early identification and treatment of the potential homosexual child.” (p. 9)

Bieber, I., et al. (1962) Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals. NY: Basic Books.

• “The therapeutic results of our study provide reason for an optimistic outlook. Many homosexuals became exclusively heterosexual in psychoanalytic treatment. Although this change may be more easily accomplished by some than by others, in our judgment a heterosexual shift is a possibility for all homosexuals who are strongly motivated to change.” (p. 319)

Bieber, I., Bieber, T. (1979) Male homosexuality. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 24, 5:409-421.

• “We have followed some patients for as long as 20 years who have remained exclusively heterosexual. Reversal estimates now range from 30% to an optimistic 50%.” (p.416)

Cappon, D., (1965) Toward an Understanding of Homosexuality. Englewoord Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall.

• Of patients with bisexual problems 90% were cured (i.e., no reversions to homosexual behavior, no consciousness of homosexual desire and fantasy) in males who terminated treatment by common consent. Male homosexual patients: 80% showed marked improvement (i.e., occasional relapses, release of aggression, increasingly dominant heterosexuality)… 50% changed.” (p. 265-268).

Clippinger, J., (1974) Homosexuality can be cured. Corrective and Social Psychiatry and Journal of Behavior Technology Methods and Therapy. 21, 2:15-28.

• Of 785 patients treated, 307, or approximately 38%, were cured. Adding the percentage figures of the two other studies, we can say that at least 40% of the homosexuals were cured, and an additional 10 to 30% of the homosexuals were improved, depending on the particular study for which statistics were available.” (p. 22).

Fine, R., (1987) Psychoanalytic theory. (in Diamant L. Male and Female Homosexuality: Psychological Approaches. Washington: Hemisphere Publishing.) 81-95.

• “…a considerable percentage of overt homosexuals became heterosexual… If patients were motivated, whatever procedure is adopted a large percentage will give up their homosexuality… The misinformation that homosexuality is untreatable by psychotherapy does incalculable harm to thousands of men and women…” (p. 85-86)

Fitzgibbons, R., (1999) The origins and therapy of same-sex attraction disorder. (in Wolfe, C. Homosexuality and American Public Life. Spence) 85-97.

• “the second most common cause of SSAD [same sex attraction disorder] among males is mistrust of women’s love… Male children in fatherless homes often feel overly responsible for their mothers. As they enter their adolescence, they may come to view female love as draining and exhausting.” (p. 89)
• “Experience has taught me that healing is a difficult process, but through the mutual efforts of the therapist and the patient, serious emotional wounds can be healed over a period of time.” (p. 96)

Goetze, R. (1997) Homosexuality and the Possibility of Change: A Review of 17 Published Studies. Toronto Canada: New Directions for Life.

• 44 persons who were exclusively or predominantly homosexual experienced a full shift of sexual orientation.

Hatterer, L., (1970) Changing Homosexuality in the Male. NY: McGraw-Hill.

• 49 patients changed (20 married, of these 10 remained married, 2 divorced, 18 achieved heterosexual adjustments); 18 partially recovered, remained single; 76 remained homosexual (28 palliated – 58 unchanged) “A large undisclosed population has melted into heterosexual society, persons who behaved homosexually in late adolescence and early adulthood, and who, on their own, resolved their conflicts and abandoned such behavior to go on to successful marriages or to bisexual patterns of adoption.” (p. 14)

James, Elizabeth (1978) Treatment of Homosexuality: A Reanalysis and Synthesis of Outcome Studies (unpublished PhD dissertation, Brigham Young University, on file with Brigham Young University Library).

• Elizabeth James meta-analyzed over 100 outcome studies published between 1930 and 1976, and concluded that when all the research was combines, 35% of homosexual clients "recovered" and 27% improved.

Kaye, H., Beri, S., Clare, J., Eleston, M., Gershwin, B., Gershwin, P., Kogan, L., Torda, C., Wilber, C. (1967) Homosexuality in Women. Archives of General Psychiatry. 17:626-634.

• “…optimism in the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexual women. …at least a 50% probability of significant improvement in women with this syndrome who present themselves for treatment and remain in it.” (p. 634)

Kronemeyer, R. (1980) Overcoming Homosexuality. NY: Macmillian

• “For those homosexuals who are unhappy with their life and find effective therapy it is ‘curable’.” (p.7)

MacIntosh, H. (1994) Attitudes and experiences of psychoanalysts. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 42, 4: 1183-1207.

• 824 male patients of 213 analysts – 197 (23.9%) changed to heterosexuality, 703 received significant therapeutic benefit; and of the 391 female patients of 153 analysts – 79 (20.2%) changed to heterosexuality, 318 received significant therapeutic benefit. (p. 1183)

MacIntosh, H. (1995) Attitudes and Experiences of Psychoanalysts in Analyzing Homosexual Patients. Journal of the American Psychiatric Association 1183.

• 422 psychiatrists were asked if they had successfully treated homosexuals, and did they agree that a homosexual can be changed to heterosexual. Of the 285 responses, which involved 1,215 homosexuals, the survey stated that 23% changed to heterosexuality. 84% benefited significantly by reducing their attraction to other members of the same gender, with a decrease in homosexual activity.

Marmor, J. (1975) Homosexuality and Sexual Orientation Disturbances. (In Freedman, A., Kaplan, H., Sadock, B. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry: II, Second Edition. Baltimore MD: Williams & Wilkins)

• “This conviction of untreatability also serves an ego-defensive purpose for many homosexuals. …however, there has evolved a greater therapeutic optimism about the possibilities for change… There is little doubt that a genuine shift in preferential sex object choice can and does take place in somewhere between 20 and 50 per cent of patients with homosexual behavior who seek psychotherapy with this end in mind.” (p. 1519)

Newman, L., (1976) Treatment for the parents of feminine boys. American Journal of Psychiatry. 133, 6: 683-687.

• “Experiences of being ostracized and ridiculed may play a more important role than has been recognized in the total abandonment of the male role at a later time.” (p. 687)
• “Feminine boys, unlike men with postpubertal gender identity disorders seem remarkably responsive to treatment.” (p. 684)

Nicolosi, J., Byrd, A., Potts, R. (1998) Towards the Ethical and Effective Treatment of Homosexuality. Encino, CA: NARTH.

• Nicolosi surveyed 850 individuals and 200 therapists and counselors – specifically seeking out individuals who claim to have made a degree of change in sexual orientation. Before counseling or therapy, 68% of respondents perceived themselves as exclusively or almost entirely homosexual, with another 22% stating they were more homosexual than heterosexual. After treatment only 13% perceived themselves as exclusively or almost entire homosexuality, while 33% described themselves as either exclusively or almost entirely heterosexual, 99% of respondents said they now believe treatment to change homosexuality can be effective and valuable.

Pattison, E.M., Pattison, M.L. (1980, December) “Ex-Gays”: Religiously Mediated Change in Homosexuals. American Journal of Psychiatry. 137 (12): 1553-1562.

• Authors evaluated 11 white men who claimed to have changed sexual orientation from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality. Corollary evidence suggests that the phenomenon of substantiated change in sexual orientation without explicit treatment and/or long-term psychotherapy may be much more common than previously thought.

Male Homosexuality in Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present Times, ed. P. Aries and A. Bejin, 40-61, cited by Joseph Nicolosi in Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc., 1991), 124-125.

Rekers, J. (1988) The formation of homosexual orientation. (In Fagan, P. Hope for Homosexuality. Washington DC: Free Congress Foundation.)

• “With major research grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, I have experimentally demonstrated an affective treatment for 'gender identity disorder of childhood', which appears to hold potential for preventing homosexual orientation in males.”

Satinover, J., (1996) Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth. Grand Rapids MI: Baker.

• Thousand articles: These reports contradict claims that change is impossible. It would be more accurate to say that all the existing evidence suggests strongly that homosexuality is quite changeable.
• “Each individual’s homosexuality is the likely result of a complex mixture of genetic, intrauterine, and extrauterine biological factors combined with familial and social factors as well as repeatedly reinforced choices.” (p. 245)
• "A study conducted by a homosexual couple found that out of 156 same-sex couples 'only seven had maintained sexual fidelity; of the hundred couples that had been together for more than five years, none had been able to maintain sexual fidelity. The authors noted that the expectation for outside sexual activity was the rule for male couples and the exception for heterosexuals.'"

Schwartz, M.F., Masters, W.H. (1984, February). The Masters and Johnson treatment program for dissatisfied homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (2): 173-181.

• “Certain individuals who want to change their homosexual preference can be helped by a short-term intensive intervention. The failure rate in helping dissatisfied homosexuals establish heterosexual lifestyles after the intensive phase of the intervention was 20.9%, and after 5 years’ follow-up it was 28.4%.

Spitzer, Robert (May 2001) Psychiatry and Homosexuality, Wall St. Journal, A26.

• "In the sample he studied, Spitzer concluded that many (homosexuals) made substantial changes (after gender affirmative therapy) in sexual arousal and fantasy--not merely behavior. Even subjects who made less substantial change believed it to be extremely beneficial."

Throckmorton, W. (1996) Efforts to modify sexual orientation: A review of outcome literature and ethical issues. Journal of Mental Health and Counseling. 20, 4: 283-305.

• “I submit that the case against conversion therapy requires opponents to demonstrate that no patients have benefited from such procedures or that any benefits are too costly in some objective way to be pursued even if they work. The available evidence supports the observation of many counselors – that many individuals with same-gender sexual orientation have been able to change through a variety of counseling approaches.” (p. 287)

West, D. (1977) Homosexuality Re-examined. London: Duckworth

• Behavioral techniques have the best document success (never less than 30%); psychoanalysis claims a great deal of success (the average rate seemed to be about 5%, but 50% of the bisexuals achieved exclusive heterosexuality.)
• Zucker, K., Bradley, S. (1995) Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents. NY: Guilford. “…we feel that parental tolerance of cross-gender behavior at the time of its emergence is instrumental in allowing the behavior to develop…” (p. 259)
• “…In general we concur with those (e.g. Green 1972; Newman 1976; Stoller, 1978) who believe that the earlier treatment begins, the better.” (p. 281) “It has been our experience that a sizable number of children and their families can achieve a great deal of change. In these cases, the gender identity disorder resolves fully, and nothing in the children’s behavior or fantasy suggests that gender identity issues remain problematic… All things considered, however, we take the position that in such cases clinicians should be optimistic, not nihilistic, about the possibility of helping the children to become more secure in their gender identity.” (p. 282)

Physical Health

(1993). STD Treatment Guidelines: Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Available at: www.ama-assn.org/special/std/treatmnt/guide/stdg3470.htm.

• GBS problems such as proctitis, proctocolitis, and enteritis as “sexually transmitted gastrointestinal syndromes.”

(1998). Hepatitis C: Epidemiology: Transmission Modes. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Available at: www.cdc.gov/nidod/diseases/hepatitis/c/edu/1/default.htm.

• Men who have sex with men who engage in unsafe sexual practices remain at an increased risk for contracting hepatitis C.

(1998, September 4). Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). p. 708.

• “Outbreaks of hepatitis A among men who have sex with men are a recurring problem in many large cities in the industrialized world.”

(1999, December). Table 9. Male Adult/Adolescent AIDS Cases by Exposure Category and Race/Ethnicity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention. Available to www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1102/table9.

• “Men who have sex with men” and “men who have sex with men and inject drugs” together accounted for 64 percent of the cumulative total of male AIDS cases.

(1999, January 29). Increases in unsafe sex and rectal gonorrhea among men who have sex with men – San Francisco, California, 1994-1997. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). p. 45.

• According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from 1994 to 1997 the proportion of homosexuals reporting having had anal sex increased from 57.6 percent to 61.2 percent, while the percentage of those reporting “always” using condoms declined from 69.6 percent to 60 percent.
• The proportion of men reporting having multiple sex partners and unprotected anal sex increased from 23.6 percent to 33.3 percent.

(1999, January 29). Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). p. 48.

• Male rectal gonorrhea is increasing among homosexuals amidst an overall decline in national gonorrhea rates.

(2000, November 14). Young People at Risk: HIV/AIDS among America’s Youth. Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (Centers for Disease Control). Available at: www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/youth.htm.

• “At least half of all new HIV infections in the United States are among people under twenty-five, and the majority of young people are infected sexually.” By the end of 1999, 29,629 young people aged thirteen to twenty-four were diagnosed with AIDS in the United States. MSM were the single largest risk category: in 1999, for example, 50 percent of all new AIDS cases were reported among young homosexuals.

(2000, September 29). Viral Hepatitis B – Frequently Asked Questions. National Center for Infectious Diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Available at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/faqb.

• Men who have sex with men are at increased risk for hepatitis B.

Increases in unsafe sex and rectal gonorrhea among men who have sex with men – San Francisco, California, 1994-1997. Journal of the American Medical Association. 281 (8): 696-697.

• Interviews of 21, 850 males: Increasing percentages of men who have sex with men reported engaging in unprotected anal intercourse. There was an Increase in rectal gonorrhea rates.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report. 51 (33): 733-736.

• 920 young black males, ages 15-22, who have sex with men, have very high rates (16%) of HIV infection.

Beral, et al., op cit.; Corey, Lawrence, and King K. Holmes. (1980, February 21). Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis A in Homosexual Men. The New England Journal of Medicine. 302: (8) 435-438; Daling, J.R., et al. (1987, October 15). Sexual Practices, Sexually transmitted Diseases, and the Incidence of Anal Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 317: (16) 973-977; Jaffe, et al., op cit.; Quinn, Thomas C., et al. (1983, September 8). The Polymicrobial Origin of Intestinal Infections in Homosexual Men. The New England Journal of Medicine. 309: (10) 576-582.

Bradford, J. (2002, July 10). Lesbian and bisexual health: an overview for healthcare providers. Journal Watch Women’s Health [On-line], Available: womens-health.jwatch.org.

• Lesbian and bisexual women have higher reported rates of risk for cancer and cardiovascular disease as well as obesity and High rates of human papilloma virus infection.

Calabrese, L. Harris, B., Easley, K. (1987) Analysis of variables impacting on safe sexual behavior among homosexual men in the area of low incidence for AIDS. Paper presented at the Third International Conference for AIDS. Washington DC. (in Stall 1988)

• Sample of gay men living outside of the large coastal gay communities, found that neither attendance at a safe sex lecture, reading a safe sex brochure, receiving advice from a physician about AIDS, testing for HIV antibodies, nor counseling at an alternative test site was associated with participation in safe sex.

Cannon, M.J. et al. (2001, March 1). Blood-borne and sexual transmission of human herpesvirus 8 in women with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (9): 637-743.

• “Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the causal agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma, is transmitted sexually among homosexual men.”

Cochran, S.D. et al. (2001 April). Cancer-related risk indicators and preventive screening behaviors among lesbians and bisexual women. American Journal of Public Health. 91 (4); 178-81.

• Increased prevalence rates were found in lesbian/bisexual women for obesity, alcohol use, and tobacco use.

Daling, J.R. et al. (1987, October 15). Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 317 (16): 973-977.

• Anal cancers was strongly associated with a history of male homosexual activity.

Fethers, K. et al. (2000, July). Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk Behaviors in Women Who Have Sex with Women. Sexually Transmitted Infections. p. 345.

• Women who have sexual relations with women are at significantly higher risk for certain sexually transmitted diseases: “BV (bacterial vaginosis), hepatitis C, and HIV risk behaviors in WSW as compared with controls.”

Frieberg, P. (2001, January 12). Study: Alcohol Use More Prevalent for Lesbians. The Washington Blade. p. 21.

• Lesbian women consume alcohol more frequently, and in larger amounts, than heterosexual women. Lesbians were at significantly greater risk than heterosexual women for both binge drinking (19.4 percent compared to 11.7 percent), and for heavy drinking (7 percent compared to 2.7 percent).

Frisch, M.F. et al. (1997, November 6). Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (19): 1350-1358.

• In a study of 324 women and 93 men with invasive or in situ anal cancer, findings supported the previously recognized association between anal cancer and homosexual contact.

Garbo, J. (2000, July 18). Gay and Bisexual Men Less Likely to Disclose They Have HIV. Gay Health News.

• Thirty-six percent of homosexuals engaging in unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal sex failed to disclose that they were HIV positive to casual sex partners.
• 45 percent of homosexuals reporting having had unprotected anal intercourse during the previous six months did not know the HIV serostatus of all their sex partners. 68 percent did not know the HIV serostatus of their partners.

Hastings, G.E., Weber, R.W. (1993). Inflammatory bowel disease: Part I. Clinical features and diagnosis. American Family Physician. 47: 598-608; Laughon, B.E., Druckman, D.A., et al., (1988). Prevalence of enteric pathogens in homosexual men with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology. 94: 984-993; Quinn, T.C. (1984). Gay bowel syndrome. The broadened spectrum of non-genital infection. Postgraduate Medicine. 76: 197-198, 201-210.

Hogg, R.S. et al. (1997). Modeling the impact of HIV disease on mortality in gay and bisexual men. International Journal of Epidemiology. 26 (3): 657-661.

• “Life expectancy at age 20 years for gay and bisexual men is 8 to 20 years less than for all men. If the same pattern of mortality were to continue, we estimate that nearly half of gay and bisexual men currently aged 20 years will not reach their 65th birthday.”

Hoover, D., Munoz, A., Carey, V., Chmiel, J., Taylor, J., Margolick, J., Kingsley, L., Vermund, S. (1991) Estimating the 1978-1990 and future spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in subgroups of homosexual men. American Journal of Epidemiology. 134, 10:1190-1205.

• “The overall probability of seroconversion [from HIV- to HIV+] prior to age 55 years is about 50%, with seroconversion still continuing at and after age 55. Given that this cohort consists of volunteers receiving extensive and anti-HIV-1 transmission education, the future seroconversion rates of the general homosexual population may be even higher.

Judson, F.N. et al. (1980). Comparative Prevalence Rates of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Heterosexual and Homosexual Men. The American Journal of Epidemiology. 112: 836-843.

Miles, A.J. et al. (1993, March). Effect of anorreceptive intercourse on anorectal function. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83: (3) 144-147.

Morris, M., Dean, L., (1994) Effects of sexual behavior change on long-term human immunodeficiency virus prevalence among homosexual men. American Journal of Epidemiology. 140, 3: 217-232.

Osmond, D., Page, K., Wiley, J., Garrett, K., Sheppard, H., Moss, A., Schrager, K., Winkelstein, W., (1994) HIV infection in homosexual and bisexual men 18 to 29 years of age: The San Francisco young men’s health study. American Journal of Public Health. 84, 12: 1933-1937.

• Household survey of unmarried men 18 through 29 years of age found that of 328 homosexual men 20.1% tested positive tested for HIV.

Pauk, J., et al. (2000, November 9). Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men. The New England Journal of Medicine. 343: 1369-1377.

• Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is likely the cause of Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Its prevalence in men who have sex with men is much higher than in the general population.

Rotello, G. (1997). Sexual Ecology: AIDS and the Destiny of Gay Men. NY: Dutton.

• “Who wants to encourage their kids to engage in a life that exposes them to a 50 percent chance of HIV infection? Who even wants to be neutral about such a possibility? If the rationale behind social tolerance of homosexuality is that it allows gay kids an equal shot at the pursuit of happiness, that rationale is hopelessly undermined by an endless epidemic that negates happiness.” (p. 286)

Roundy, B. (2000, December 8). STD’s Up Among Gay Men: CDC Says Rise is Due to HIV Misperceptions. The Washington Blade.

• “A San Francisco study of Gay and bisexual men revealed that HPV infection was almost universal among HIV-positive men, and that 60 percent of HIV-negative men carried HPV.

Schwabke, J.R. (1991, April). Syphilis in the 90s. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. 44-49.

• Syphilis and gonorrhea are rising in the homosexual and bisexual population.

Shehan, D.A. et al. (2003). HIV/STD Risks in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Do Not Disclose Their sexual Orientation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 52: 81-86.

• Young MSM who do not disclose their sexual orientation (non-disclosers) are thought to be at particularly high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection because of low self-esteem, depression, or lack of peer support and prevention services that are available to MSM who are more open about their sexuality (disclosers).

Smith, T.W. (1991, May/June). Adult Sexual Behavior in 1989: Number of Partners, Frequency of Intercourse and Risk of AIDS. Family Planning Perspectives. 23: (3) 102-107 (Table 2, 104).

Valleroy, L.A. et al. (2000, July 12). HIV prevalence and associated risks in young men who have sex with men. Journal of the American Medical Association. 284 (2): 198-204.

• Men who have sex with men were found to have a 100 to 700 times greater prevalence rate of HIV infection than primarily heterosexual men who applied for service in the U.S. military. Men who have sex with men were also found to have a high prevalence of hepatitis B viral markers (10.7%). High HIV rates were correlated with anal sex and having had sex with 20 or more men.

Zavodnick, J.M. (1989, January). Detection and Management of Sexual Abuse of Boys. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. 80-90.

• “Sixteen percent of adult men in the general population have said they were sexually abused as children.”

Mental Health & Substance Abuse

Aaron, D.J., Markovic, N., Danielson, M.E., et al. (2001). Behavioral risk factors for disease and preventive health practices among lesbians. American Journal of Public Health. 91 (6): 972-975.

• Lesbians were more likely to report cigarette use, alcohol use, and heavy alcohol use.

Bailey, J.M. (1999, October). Homosexuality and Mental Illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 56: 883-884.

• “Homosexual people are at a substantially higher risk for some forms of emotional problems, including suicidality, major depression and anxiety disorder. Gay, lesbian, or bisexual people were at an increased lifetime risk for suicidal ideation and behavior, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, and nicotine dependence.”

Beitchman, J., Zucker, K., Hood, J., DaCosta, G., Akman, D. (1991) A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. 15:257-556.

• “Among adolescents, commonly reported sequalae (of child sexual abuse) include sexual dissatisfaction, promiscuity, homosexuality, and an increased risk for re-victimization.” (p. 537)
• “A review of studies reporting symptomology among sexually abused adolescents revealed evidence for the presence of depression, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation.” (p. 544)

Bradford, J. et al. (1994). National Lesbian Health Care Survey: Implications for Mental Health Care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 62: 239, cited in Health Implications Associated with Homosexuality, p. 81.

• More than half of lesbians had felt too nervous to accomplish ordinary activities at some time during the past year and over one-third had been depressed.

Bradley, S., Zucker, K. (1997) Gender identity disorder: A review of the past 10 Years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 34, 7:872-880.

• “Girls with GID [Gender Identity Disorder] …have difficulty connecting with their mothers, who are perceived as weak and ineffective. We see this perception as arising from the high levels of psychopathology observed in these mothers, especially severe depression and borderline personality disorder.” (p. 877)
• “In our female adolescents with GID, a history of sexual abuse or fears of sexual aggression has appeared commonly.” (p. 878)

Cochran, S.D., Mays, V.M. (2000). Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the US population. American Journal of Epidemiology. 151 (5): 516-523.

• Homosexually active men were more likely than other men to have evidence of major depression and panic attack syndromes. Homosexually active women were more likely than other women to be classified with alcohol or drug dependency syndromes. Both men and women reporting any same-gender sex partners were more likely than others to have used mental health services.

Diamant, A.L., Wold, C., Sritzer, K., Gelberg, L. (2000, November-December). Health Behaviors, Health Status, and Access to and Use of Health Care. Archives of Family Medicine. 9: 1043-1051.

• Lesbians and bisexual women were more likely than heterosexual women to use tobacco products and to report any alcohol consumption, but only lesbians were significantly more likely than heterosexual women to drink heavily.

Fergusson, D., Horwood., L., Beautrais, A. (1999) Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Archives of General Psychiatry. 56, 10:876-888.

• The gay, lesbian, bisexual subjects have significantly higher rates of: suicidal ideation (67.9%/29.0%), suicide attempt (32.1%/7.1%), and psychiatric disorders age 14-21 – major depression (71.4%/38.2%), generalized anxiety disorder (28.5%/12.5%), conduct disorder (32.1%11.0%), nicotine dependence (64.3%/26.7%), other substance abuse/dependence (60.7%/44.3%), and multiple disorders (78.6%/38.2%) than the heterosexual sample. (p. 879)
• Findings support recent evidence suggesting that gay, lesbian, and bisexual young people are at increased risk of mental health problems, with these associations being particularly evident for measures of suicidal behavior and multiple disorder.

Fifield, L., Latham, J., Phillips, C. (1977) Alcoholism in the Gay Community: The Price of Alienation, Isolation and Oppression, A Project of the Gay Community Service Center, Los Angeles, CA.

• “…an alarming number of gay men and women (31.96%) are trapped in an alcohol-centered lifestyle.”

Garafolo, R., Wolf, R., Kessel, S., Palfrey, J., DuRant, R., (1998) The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents: Youth risk behavior survey. Pediatrics. 101, 5:895-903.

• “Gay and bisexual teenagers may take more risks, and engage in risky behavior earlier in life, than teenagers who describe themselves as heterosexual. GLB [gay, lesbian, bisexual] teenagers were more likely to consider or attempt suicide, abuse alcohol or drugs, participate in risky sexual activity, or be victimized, and to initiate these behaviors earlier.”

Gilman, S.E., Cochran, S.D., Mays, V.M., et al. (2001) Risk of psychiatric disorders among individuals reporting same-sex sexual partners in the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Public Health. 91 (6): 933-939.

• Higher 12-month prevalences of anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders and of suicidal thoughts and plans than did respondents with opposite-sex partners only. Homosexual orientation, defined as having same-sex sexual partners, is associated with a general elevation of risk for anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders and for suicidal thoughts and plans.

Herrell, R. et al. (1999, October). Sexual Orientation and Suicidality: a Co-Twin Control Study in Adult Men. Archives of General Psychiatry. 56 (10): 867-874.This study of male twins who were Vietnam veterans found that male homosexuals were 5.1 times more likely to experience suicidal thoughts and behaviors than were their heterosexual twins.

Jorm, A.F. et al. (2002). Sexually orientation and mental health: results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults. British Journal of Psychiatry. 180: 423-427

• The bisexual group was highest on measures of anxiety, depression and negative affect, with the homosexual group falling between the other two groups. Both the bisexual and homosexual groups were high on suicidality.

McKirnan, D.J., Peterson, P.L., (1989). Alcohol and drug use among homosexual men and women: epidemiology and population characteristics. Addictive Behavior. 14 (5): 545-553.

• “This paper presents the findings of a large (n-3400) survey of the homosexual population…Substantially higher proportions of the homosexual sample used alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine than was the case in the general population.”

Moran, N. (1996, May). Lesbian health care needs. Canadian Family Physician. 42: 879-884.

• Lesbians were found to smoke, drink alcohol and use caffeine more than other women.

Mulry, G., Kalichman, S., Kelly, J. (1994) “Substance use and unsafe sex among gay men: Global versus situational use of substances. Journal of Sex Educators and Therapy. 20, 3: 175-184.

• “…men who never drank prior to sex were very unlikely to have engaged in unprotected anal intercourse, whereas 90% of men who had at least one occasion of unprotected anal intercourse also drank at least some of the time prior to sexual intercourse.” “…a virtual absence of individuals who did not drink but did engage unprotected anal intercourse.” (p. 181)

Parris, J., Zweig-Frank, H., Guzder, J. (1995) Psychological factors associated with homosexuality in males with borderline personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders. 9, 11: 56-61.

• The rate of homosexuality in the BPD [Borderline Personality Disorder] sample was 16.7%, as compared with 1.7% in the non-BPD comparison group. The homosexual BPD group had a rate of overall Childhood Sexual Abuse of 100% as compared to 37.3% for the heterosexual BPD group. “It is interesting that 3 out of 10 homosexual borderline patients also reported father-son incest.” (p. 59)

Remafedi, G. (1999, October). Suicide and Sexual Orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry. 56: 885-886.

• The 1989Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Youth Suicide concluded that “gay youth are 2 to 3 times more likely to attempt suicide than other young people. They may comprise up to 30% of completed youth suicides annually. To date, at least 10 peer-reviewed studies have found unusually high rates of attempted suicide, in the range of 20% to 42% among young bisexual and homosexual research volunteers. All have found a clinically and statistically significant association between suicide attempts and homosexuality, strongest among males.

Ritter, Malcolm (May 1999) Study: Some Gays Can Go Straight, Associated Press.

• "Perhaps the most significant study to date was reported by Robert L. Spitzer, MD at the American Psychiatric Association. In his research, Dr. Spitzer studied 200 men and women who had participated in gender affirmative therapy. He concluded that 66% of the men and 44% of the women had arrived at what he called good heterosexual functioning. In addition, 89% of the men and 95% of the women said they were bothered slightly, or not at all, by unwanted homosexual feelings."

Rogers, C., Roback, H., McKee, E., Calhoun, D. (1976) Group psychotherapy with homosexuals: A review. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 31, 3: 3-27

• “In general, reports on the group treatment of homosexuals are optimistic; in almost all cases the therapists report a favorable outcome of therapy whether the therapeutic goal was one of achieving a change in sexual orientation or whether it was a reduction in concomitant problems.” (p.22)

Saghir, J., Robins, E. (1973) Male and Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Investigation. Baltimore MD: Williams & Wilkins.

• 30% of the homosexuals in their sample reported excessive drinking or alcohol dependence. (p. 119)
• The average male homosexual live-in relationship lasts between two and three years (p. 225)

Sandfort, T.G., de Graaf, R., Bijl, R.V., Schnabel, P. (2001, January). Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders: findings from the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study. (NEMESIS). Archives of General Psychiatry. 58: 85-91.

• A Dutch study of 5998 heterosexual and homosexual men and women showed that “psychiatric disorders were more prevalent among homosexually active people compared with heterosexually active people…On a lifetime basis, homosexual women had a significantly higher prevalence of general mood disorders and major depression than did heterosexual women…Lifetime prevalence of both alcohol and other drug dependence was also significantly higher in homosexual women than in heterosexual women.”

Skegg, K. et al. (2003, March). Sexual orientation and self-harm in men and women. American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (3): 541-546.

• New Zealand study of 770 heterosexual men and women and 172 men and women who experienced different degrees of same sex attraction, the authors found: That attempts to inflict self harm increase with the degree of homosexual attraction. There were elevated rates of substance abuse in both sexes experiencing same sex attraction. This was particularly prominent in lesbians.

Valamis, B.G., Bowen, D.J., Bassford, T., et al. (2000, September-October). Sexual Orientation and Health. Archives of Family Medicine. 9: 843-853.

• Lesbian and bisexual women more often used alcohol and cigarettes, exhibited other risk factors for reproductive cancers and cardiovascular disease, and scored lower on measures of mental health and social support.
• Whitehead, Neil, Whitehead, Brian. (1999) My Genes Made Me Do It! A Scientific Look at Sexual Orientation, 158-159."Neil Whitehead tabulated other twin studies on other topics and those traits' heritability: lying--43%, anorexia nervosa--44%, fear of the unknown--46%, psychological inpatient care--47%, extroversion--50%, depression--50%, altruism--50%, divorce--52%, racial prejudice, bigotry--70%.
• "(Dean) Hamer's genetic sequences have been calculated to affect about 5% of the homosexual population, so even if he is correct, there must be some other explanation for what causes the vast majority of homosexuality."
• "If a hormonal imbalance was responsible for homosexuality, then perhaps a simple dose of hormones to an adult would cure homosexuality. This is not the case, as has been demonstrated several times."

Zubenko, G., George, A., Soloff, P., Schulz, P. (1987) Sexual practices among patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal Psychiatry. 144, 6: 748-752.

• “Homosexuality was 10 times more common among the men and six times more common among the women with borderline personality disorder than in the general population or in a depressed control group.” (p. 748)

Pedophilia

Male Intergenerational Intimacy. The Journal of Homosexuality. 20 (1-2

• One writer claims that pedophilia offers “companionship, security and protection” (162) that neither his parents nor peers are able to provide, and urges parents to value their son’s pedophile lover “not as a rival or competitor, not as a thief of their property, but as a partner in the boy’s upbringing, someone to be welcomed into their home…” (164). In the same issue, Gerald Jones, seeking to legitimize his ideology in academic jargon, claims that “same-sex intergenerational intimacy (i.e., pedophilia) may be developmentally functional,” refers to studies indicating “benign or even beneficial results in boys who were…involved with men,” and contends that pedophilia is a morally neutral behavior. (279-280).
• Regarding the prevalence of pedophilia amongst homosexuals, literature discussing the history of homosexuality (see David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality [Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988]), quasi-scholarly journals (PAIDIKA, The Journal of Paedophilia, Amsterdam, Netherlands), as well as current materials published by the North American Man-Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) reveal that erotic relationships with children are a significant element in the homosexual community.

(March 1992). Editorial, No Place for Homo-Homophobia, S.F. Sentinel (on file with author.)

• "Leading mainstream homosexual newspapers and magazines such as the Advocate, Edge, Metroline, The Guide, and The San Francisco Sentinel have not only published pro-NAMBLA articles and columns but also many have editorialized in favor of NAMBLA and sex with children. The editor of The Guide, Ed Hougen, stated in an interview with Lambda Report, "I believe they [NAMBLA] are generally interested in the right of young people to be sexual….I am glad there is a group like NAMBLA that is willing to be courageous." The San Francisco Sentinel was more blunt: "NAMBLA's position on sex is not unreasonable, just unpopular. [W]hen a 14-year-old gay boy approaches a man for sex, it's because he wants sex with a man."

(April 23, 1994). Letter from Roy Radow, NAMBLA, What People are Saying About NAMBLA and Man/Boy Love, at http://qrd.tcp.com/qrd/orgs/NAMBLA/quotes.

• "Gay authors and leaders such as Allen Ginsberg, Gayle Rubin, Larry Kramer (founder of ACT-UP), Pat Califia, Jane Rule, Michael Kearns, and Michel Foucault have all written in favor of either NAMBLA or man-boy relationships."

(July 1995). The Real Child Abuse, The Guide, (on file with author).

• "In 1995, the homosexual magazine Guide stated: 'We can be proud that the gay movement has been home to the few voices who have had the courage to say out loud that children are naturally sexual, that they deserve the right to sexual expression with whoever they choose…[w]e must listen to our prophets. Instead of fearing being labeled pedophiles, we must proudly proclaim that sex is good, including children's sexuality…. We must do it for the children's sake."

(1990) Encyclopedia of Homosexuality 964, Wayne Dynes ed.

• "'Mainstream' homosexual conferences commonly feature speeches about intergenerational sex as it is now called. For example, at one of the nation's largest homosexual gatherings, the annual National Gay Lesbian Task Force convention, featured a workshop at its 2001 confab entitled, 'Your Eyes Say Yes But the Law Says No', which included a speech by an S&M activist about laws affecting intergenerational sex. The convention also featured another workshop entitled Drag '101: How to Turn Kids in Make-up into Kings and Queens'."

Abel, Eugene et al, Self-Reported Sex Crimes of Nonincarcerated Pedophiliacs, 2 J. Interpersonal Violence 3, 5 (1987).

• "Child molestation, by comparison, was a relatively infrequent crime, occurring from an average of 23.2 times by a pedophile (non-incest) with female targets to an average of 281.7 times by a pedophile (non-incest) whose targets were males."
• "…homosexuals sexually molest young boys with an incidence that is five times greater than the molestation of girls."

Beitchman, J., Zucker, K., Hood, J., DaCosta, G., Akman, D. (1991) A review of the short-terms effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. 15:257-556.

• “Among adolescents, commonly reported sequalae (of child sexual abuse) include sexual dissatisfaction, promiscuity, homosexuality, and an increased risk for re-victimization.” (p. 537)
• "A review of studies reporting symptomology among sexually abused adolescents revealed evidence for the presence of depression, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation.” (p. 544)

Bell, A.P., Weinberg, M.S., Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), pp. 308, 9; see also Bell, Weinberg & Hammersmith, Sexual Preference (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981).

• 45% of white male homosexuals had sex with 500 or more partners, with 28% having 1,000 or more sex partners.
• "This study involved interviews with 1,500 gay men and women."
• "25% of white gay men have had sex with boys 16 years old and younger."

Blanchard, Ray, et al., (2000). Fraternal Birth Order and Sexual Orientation in Pedophiles. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 20: 464, 471.

• The best epidemiological evidence indicates that only 2 to 4% of men attracted to adults prefer men (ACSF Investigators, 1992; Billy et al., 1993; Fay et al., 1989; Johnson et al., 1992); in contrast, around 25 to 40% of men attracted to children prefer boys (Blanchard et al., 1999; Gebhard et al., 1965; Mohr et al., 1964). Thus, the rate of homosexual attraction is 6 to 20 times higher among pedophiles.
• Divided 260 pedophile participants into three groups: “152 heterosexual pedophiles (men with offenses or self-reported attractions involving girls only), 43 bisexual pedophiles (boys and girls), and 65 homosexual pedophiles (boys only).”

Bradford, J., et al., (1988). The Heterogeneity/Homogeneity of Pedophilia. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa. 13: 225.

• “According to the literature, findings of a two-to-one ratio of heterosexual to homosexual pedophiles have been documented.”

Decrescenzo, Teresa. Helping Gay and Lesbian Youth: New Policies, New Program, New Practice (1994).

• GLASS's founder and former executive director, Teresa DeCrescenzo, edited a book that helps youth discover their homosexuality.

DeJong, A.R. Emmett, GA, Hervada, AR. Sexual abuse of Children. Sex-, race-, and age-dependent variations. Am J Dis Child. 1982 Feb; 136(2): 129-34.

• The 72 male victims (vs. 344 girls) were significantly younger (median, 7 years) and sustained more violence and trauma.

Doll, L.S., Joy, D., Batholow, B., Harrison, J., Bolan, G., Douglas, J., Saltzman, L., Moss, P., Delgado, W. (1992) Self-reported childhood and adolescent sexual abuse among adult homosexual and bisexual men. Child Abuse & Neglect. 18:825-864

• 42% of a sample of 1,001 homosexual men reported childhood experiences that met the criteria for sexual abuse.
• 1,001 adult homosexual and bisexual men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics were interviewed regarding potentially abusive sexual contacts during childhood and adolescence. Thirty-seven percent of participants reported they had been encouraged or forced to have sexual contact before age 19 with an older or more powerful partner; Median age of the participant at first contact was 10; median age difference between partners was 11 years. Fifty-one percent involved use of force; 33% involved anal sex. 93% of participants reporting sexual contact with an older or more powerful partner were classified as sexually abused.

Erickson, W.D., et al., Behavior Patterns of Child Molesters, 17 Archives of Sexual Behavior 1, 83 (1988).

• "Research confirms that homosexuals molest children at a rate vastly higher than heterosexuals…"

Freund, et al. (1984, Fall) Pedophilia and Heterosexuality vs. Homosexuality. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. 10: (3) 197; Cameron, P. (1985). Homosexual Molestation of Children/Sexual Interaction of Teacher and Pupil. Psychological Reports. 57: 27-36.

Freund, K., Watson, R.J. (1992, Spring). The Proportions of Heterosexual and Homosexual Pedophiles Among Sex Offenders Against Children: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. 18: 91) 34-43.

• "In a 1992 study published in the Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, sex researchers K. Freud and R.I. Watson found that homosexual males are three times more likely than straight men to engage in pedophilia and that the average pedophile victimizes between 20 and 150 boys before being arrested."
• "The incident in Los Angeles involving group homes operated by the Gay and Lesbian Adolescent Social Services (GLASS) exemplifies this danger (of homosexual contact with minors). GLASS receives taxpayer monies to take in troubled youth referred to them by the social service departments of various southern counties in California."
• “The proportional prevalence of offenders against male children in this group of 457 offenders against children was 36 percent.” See also, Kurt Freund, et al., “Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, and Erotic Age Preference.” “Approximately one-third of these individuals had victimized boys and two-thirds had victimized girls. This finding is consistent with the proportions reported in two earlier studies,” p. 107.

Geissinger, Steve. Scouts Remove 1,800 Scoutmasters for Suspected Abuse Over Two Decades, Assoc. Press, Oct. 14, 1993 (on file with author).

• "This unprecedented glimpse into the world of Scout pedophiles revealed that thousands of boys had been molested by Scout leaders and other volunteers between 1971 and 1991 resulting in the expulsion of over 1,800 Scout volunteers for pedophile activity. The documents show that some Scout leaders molested over forty boys before getting caught and that many, once caught, simply moved to a different Scout troop and continued abusing boys."

Graupner, H., (1999). Love Versus Abuse: Crossgenerational Sexual Relations of Minors: A Gay Rights Issue? Journal of Homosexuality. 37: 23, 26.

• “Man/boy and woman/girl relations without doubt are same-sex relations and they do constitute an aspect of gay and lesbian life.” Graupner argues that, as such, consensual sexual relations between adult homosexuals and youths as young as fourteen qualifies as a “gay rights issue”.

Greenberg, D.M., Bradford, J.M.W., Curry, S. (1993). A Comparison of Sexual Victimization in the Childhoods of Pedophiles and Hebephiles. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 38 (2): 432-436.

• A total of 42% of pedophiles and 44% of hebephiles reported being sexually victimized in their own childhoods. Both groups appear to choose their age specific victims in accordance with the age of their own experience of sexual victimization.

Haverkos, H.W., et al., (1989, July 28). The Initiation of Male Homosexual Behavior. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 262: 501.

• A study of 279 homosexual/bisexual men. “More than half of both case and control patients reported a sexual act with a male by age 16 years, approximately 20 percent by age 10 years.”

Jay, K., Young, A. The Gay Report: Lesbians and Gay Men Speak Out about Sexual Experiences and Lifestyles (New York: Summit Books, 1979) p. 275.

• “73% of homosexuals surveyed had at some time had sex with boys sixteen to nineteen years of age or younger.”

Marshall, W.L., Barbaree, H.E., Butt, J. (1998, March). Sexual offenders against male children: Sexual preferences. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 26 (5): 383-391.

• Child molesters responded with moderate sexual arousal (20-40% of full erection) to the nude males of all ages. Non-offenders showed no response to the male stimuli.

Parris, J., Zweig-Frank, H., Guzder, J. (1995) Psychological factors associated with homosexuality in males with borderline personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders. 9, 11: 56-61.

• The rate of homosexuality in the BPD [Borderline Personality Disorder] sample was 16.7%, as compared with 1.7% in the non-BPD comparison group. The homosexual BPD group had a rate of overall Childhood Sexual Abuse rate of 100% as compared to 37.3% for the heterosexual BPD group. “It is interesting that 3 out of 10 homosexual borderline patients also reported father-son incest.” (p. 59)

Savage, Lee. (March 1994). Must Men Who Love Boys Be Guilty of Sexual Misconduct? BLK Magazine, 7-11.

Smith, J. (1988) Psychopathology, homosexuality, and homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality. 15, 1/2: 59-74

• “Pedophilia may be a cultural label rather than anything inherently medical or psychiatric; anthropological findings support this view.” (p. 68)

Thorstad, D. (1990). Man/boy love and the American gay movement. Journal of Homosexuality. 20 (1-2): 251-274.

• As the gay movement has retreated from its vision of sexual freedom for all in favor of integration into existing social and political structures, it has sought to marginalize cross-generational love as a “non-gay” issue. The two movements continue to overlap, amid signs of mutual support as well as tension.
• “Boy-lovers were involved in the gay movement from the beginning, and their presence was tolerated. Gay youth groups encouraged adults to attend their dances… There was a mood of tolerance, even joy at discovering the myriad of lifestyles within the gay and lesbian subculture.”

Zebulon, A., et al., Sexual Partner Age Preferences of Homosexual and Heterosexual Men and Women. p. 73.

• The study compared the sexual age preferences of heterosexual men, heterosexual women, homosexual men, and lesbians. Marked contrast to the other three categories, “all but 9 of the 48 homosexual men preferred the youngest two male age categories,” which included males as young as age fifteen.

Promiscuity

Beitchman, J., Zucker, K., Hood, J., DaCosta, G., Akman, D. (1991) A review of the short-terms effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. 15:257-556.

• “Among adolescents, commonly reported sequalae (of child sexual abuse) include sexual dissatisfaction, promiscuity, homosexuality, and an increased risk for re-victimization.” (p. 537)
• “A review of studies reporting symptomology among sexually abused adolescents revealed evidence for the presence of depression, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation.” (p. 544)

Bell, A.P., Weinberg, M.S., Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), pp. 308, 9; see also Bell, Weinberg & Hammersmith, Sexual Preference (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981).

• 45% of white male homosexuals had sex with 500 or more partners, with 28% having 1,000 or more sex partners.
• "This study involved interview with 1,500 gay men and women."
• "25% of white gay men have had sex with boys sixteen years and younger."

Fay, R.E., Turner, C.F., Klassen, A.D., Gagnon, J.H. (1989, January 20). Prevalence and Patterns of Same-Gender Sexual Contact Among Men. Science. 28: (4) 491-519.

Fethers, K., et al. (2000, July). Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk Behaviors in Women Who Have Sex with Women. Sexually Transmitted Infections. p. 345.

• Women who have sexual relations with women are at significantly higher risk for certain sexually transmitted diseases: “BV (bacterial vaginosis), hepatitis C, and HIV risk behaviors in WSW as compared with controls.”

Harry, J. (1989) Parental physical abuse and sexual orientation in males. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 18, 3:251-261.

• “These data suggest that some history of childhood femininity is almost always a precursor of adolescent homosexual behavior.” (p. 259)

McWhirter, D., Mattison, A., The Male Couple, How Relationships Develop. (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1984).

• 75% of homosexual men report their first homosexual experience to have been prior to age 16.
• Study of 156 males in homosexual relationships lasting from one to thirty-seven years — only seven couples have a totally exclusive sexual relationship.

Male Homosexuality. Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present Times, edited by P. Aries and A. Bejin, pp. 40-61, cited by Joseph Nicolosi in Reproductive Therapy of male Homosexuality (Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc., 1991), pp. 124, 125.

• “Few homosexual relationships last longer than two years, with many men reporting hundreds of lifetime partners.”

Smith, T.W. (1991, May/June). Adult Sexual Behavior in 1989: Number of Partners, Frequency of Intercourse and Risk of AIDS. Family Planning Perspectives. 23: (3) 102-107 (Table 2, 104).

Van de Ven, P., Rodden, P., Crawford, J., Kippax, S. (1997). A comparative demographic and sexual profile of older homosexually active men. Journal of Sex Research. 34 (4): 349-360.

• Study of 2,585 homosexually active men in Australia showed that more men over 50 years old reported they had 101-500 lifetime partners than any other category involving numbers of sexual partners. Only 2.7% reported just one lifetime sexual partner.

Violence

Greenwood, G.L. et al. (2002, December). Battering Victimization Among a Probability-Based Sample of Men Who Have Sex With Men. American Journal of Public Health. 92 (12): 1964-1969.

• Intimate partner battering victimization to be 39.2% among men who had sex with men during the last 5 years.

Groth, A.N., Burgess, A.W. (1980, July). Male Rape: Offenders and Victims. American Journal of Psychiatry. 137 (7): 806-810.

• This study analyzes 22 cases of male rape and the impact it had on the rapists and their male victims.

Lie, G.Y., Gentlewarrier, S. (1991). Intimate Violence in Lesbian Relationships: Discussion of Survey Findings and Practice Implications. Journal of Social Service Research. 15: 41-59.

• “Slightly more than half of the [lesbians] reported that they had been abused by a female lover/partner.”

Lockhart, L., et al. (1994, December). Letting out the Secret: Violence in Lesbian Relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 9: 469-492.

• 90% of the lesbians surveyed had been recipients of one or more acts of verbal aggression from their intimate partners during the year prior to this study, with 31% reporting one or more incidents of physical abuse.

Parenting

(February 26, 2002). European Court of Human Rights. Case of Frette v. France.

• "Many of the European Union States did not allow single persons to apply for adoption, while others subjected the possibility to restrictive conditions because adoption by homosexuals, living alone or with a partner, gave rise to serious misgivings as to whether that was in the child's best interests."
• "In the Court's opinion there is no doubt that the decisions to reject the applicant's application for authorization pursued a legitimate aim, namely to protect the health and rights of children who could be involved in an adoption procedure, for which the granting of authorization was, in principle, a prerequisite."

Biblarz, Timothy J., Judith Stacey, (How) Does the Sexual Orientation of Parents Matter? 66 Am. Soc. Rev. 159-61.

• "Describing themselves as 'personally oppos[ing] discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation', they challenge the predominant claim that sexual orientation of parents does not matter at all and agree 'that ideological pressures constrain intellectual development in this field.'"
• "Stacey and Biblarz also noted 'at least 15 intriguing, statistically significant differences in gender behavior and preference among children…in lesbian and heterosexual single-mother homes.'"

Cameron, P., Cameron, K., (1997) Did the APA Misrepresent the Scientific Literature to Courts in Support of Homosexual Custody? The Journal of Psychology. 131 (3): 313-332.

• Children of homosexuals are more likely to become homosexual than are children of traditionally married couples. Adding together various studies suggests that they are at least 3 times more apt to become homosexual than are children who are raised by traditional married couples.

Dailey, Timothy J., Breaking the Ties That Bind: The APA's Assault of Fatherhood. Insight, Feb. 18, 2000, 12.

• Describing same-sex parenting research as 'compromised by methodological flaws and driven by political agendas instead of an objective search for truth.'"
• "Another study found that 'children of lesbians became active lesbians themselves [at] a rate which is at least four times the base rate of lesbianism in the adult female population.'"
• "Fidelity rates among committed homosexual couples also appear to be much less than that of heterosexual couples."

Morgan, P. (2002). Children as trophies? North Melbourne, Victoria: News Weekly Books.

• Considers 144 academic papers including 50 on same-sex parenting. “If public policy is based on clear research, there is no case for changing the adoption law to allow same-sex couples or unmarried couples to be able to adopt children.”

Pollack, M. Male Homosexuality. Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present Times, edited by P. Aries and A. Bejin, pp. 40-61, cited by Joseph Nicolosi in Reproductive Therapy of male Homosexuality (Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc., 1991), pp. 124, 125.

• “Few homosexual relationships last longer than two years, with many men reporting hundreds of lifetimes partners.”

Sarantakos, S. (1996). Children in three contexts: Family, education and social development. Children Australia. 21 (3): 23.

• Data from studies including children of married heterosexual couples, cohabiting heterosexual couples and homosexual couples, and examines the extent to which these children differ with regard to scholastic achievement and aspects of social development. It shows that in the majority of cases, the most successful are children of married couples, followed by children of cohabiting couples and finally by children of homosexual couples.

Marriage

Contemporary Family Law §§ 2:37, 2:04, 2:12 & 4 Am. Jur. 2D. Annulment of Marriage §§27-33 (2000).

• "State legislatures often make distinctions in the law, denying benefits to some while granting them to others. Marriage laws, for instance, not only require a couple to be of the opposite sex, but also impose age requirements, requirements of a mental and even physical capacity, and proscriptions against polygamy or polyandry."

William C. Duncan (2001) Reaffirming Marriage: A Presidential Priority, 24 Harv. J.L. & Publ. Pol'y 623, 639.

• "Similarly, if the courts allow same-sex marriages, what basis would there to be to prohibit polygamous or incestuous relationships? Or, to take it a step further, what basis would there be to prohibit marriage between man and animal? In truth, there would be none."
• "If one removes th[e] core concept [of marriage as the union of man and woman]…[I]nstead of a unique community, marriage becomes one more relationship. And why should this relationship be so special? If it has no necessary connection to children, or even to sex, what makes it different from an ordinary friendship? Friendships are multiple; why limit marriage to two persons? Sexual relationships can be multiple; why promote exclusivity? Relationships can come and go, and reasonably so; why promote permanence? If marriage is a freely chosen relationship unconnected to sex, children, exclusivity or permanence, why have legal marriage at all?"

Miller, Robyn Cheryl (2001) Marriage Between Persons of Same Sex, 81 A.L.R. 5th 1 (summarizing same-sex marriage cases decided to date).

• "In truth, every court that has addressed the issue has rejected the right to same-sex marriage under both the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment."

Other

(1994, June 14). The Advocate. P. 16.

Billy, J., et al. (1993, March/April). The Sexual Behavior of Men in the United States. Family Perspectives. 25: (2) 52-60 (59 – Table 4).

Campbell, Kristina. Specialists Weighing Mammogram Advice, Wash. Blade, Dec. 2, 1994, at 19.

Laumann, E.O. et al., (1994) The Social Organization of Homosexuality 305.

LeVay, Simon (1996) Queer Science 143-145.

Muir, J.G. (1993, March 31). Homosexuals and the 10% Fallacy. The Wall Street Journal.

Rotondi, R. The Gay ‘90s: A Response to the Gay Activist Movement. Critical Issues. 1: (3 & 6).

Seidman, S.N., Rieder, R.O. (1994, March). A Review of Sexual Behavior in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry. 151: (3) 330-341